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What are properties of Liquid?

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  Physical Properties of Liquids   Liquid is the state of matter which has definite volume but has no definite volume e.g., water, Alcohol, glycerine, oils etc. Physical properties of liquids are associated with physical changes and are used to distinguish among various substances. Classification of Physical Properties Physical properties of a system are divided into three groups. Additive Properties These properties are the sum of the properties of individual components of a system. These properties do not change with change in the physical state of the system. e.g., mass, molecular weight. Constitutive Properties These are the properties which depend upon the arrangement of atoms in the molecules, e.g., surface tension, optical activity. Colligative Properties These are the properties which depend upon the number of molecules and are independent of nature of molecules, e.g., lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezin...
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What is Xanthoproteic Test Procedure?

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        Experiment # 3         XANTHOPROTEIC TEST     Xanthoproteic test is a biochemical test for the detection of amino acids containing phenolic or indolic groups like phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan (aromatic amino acids). The test is named Xanthoproteic test due to the formation of a yellow precipitate of xanthoproteic acid. The term ‘Xantho’ refers to ‘yellow’, so the test is often termed as the Yellow Protein Test. The test gives a positive result for amino acids containing benzene rings or other aromatic groups. The test is a qualitative test that provides information only on the presence or absence of the amino acids.     Principle     ❖ The Xanthoproteic test is based on the fact that aromatic groups in the amino acids are n...
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How To Determine the percentage composition of unknown liquid by surface tension method?

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  Experiment: Determine the percentage composition of unknown liquid by surface tension method.   Apparatus: Stalagmometer, specific gravity bottle, screw type pinch cock, beakers, rubber tube, balance, stand etc. Procedure: The composition of this mixture can be determined as follows:   ·          Prepare various compositions of the two liquids (water and a miscible organic liquid)   Sample No.                 1           2           3           4           5           6 Org. liquid (%)             100       80    ...
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What is Sakaguchi's Test?

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  Experiment # 7         SAKAGUCHI’S TEST     Sakaguchi test is a biochemical test consisting of colorimetric reaction for the detection and quantification of guanidinium groups, used as a qualitative test for arginine that is either free or in protein. The test was discovered by and named after the Japanese Food Scientist Shoyo Sakaguchi in 1925. Sakaguchi test is an example of color reactions or test that is performed for the detection of amino acids or proteins. The test is a specific test for arginine where the guanidinium group of arginine reacts with 1-naphthol or α-naphthol to produce a colored product. It is a qualitative test, and the quantification of arginine is hindered in this test due to the slow rate of color development and destruction of some guanidinium groups by the reagent.     Principle  ...
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How to Find out the Rheochor value of the given organic liquid?

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  Experiment:   Find out the Rheochor value of the given organic liquid. Molar mass (or Molecular weight) of the given liquid is 46.   Theory: Newton Friend showed that if molecular volume (or molar volume) of a liquid be multiplied by the eighth root of the coefficient of viscosity, it leads to a constant called rheochor., denoted by r.                           R = (M/D ) h 1/8 D is density of the liquid and M its molar volume Rheochor may be regarded as the molar volume of a liquid at the temperature at which its viscosity is unit.   Apparatus:   Ostwald’s viscometer, stop-watch, specific gravity bottle, rubber tube, screw type pinch cock, iron stand etc.   Procedure:   ·          Take an Ostwald’s viscometer and fix it in a stand in upright position. · ...
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How to Determine the Parachor value of the given liquid?

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  Experiment: Determine the Parachor value of the given liquid. Molecular weight of the given liquid is 32.   Theory:   Macleod in 1923 discovered a relationship between surface tension and density for normal liquids. It is expressed as   C = g 1/4 / D – d   Where g is the surface tension of the liquid, D is density of the liquid, d is the density of vapour and C is a constant, characteristic of the liquid. This equation holds well over a wide range of temperature. In 1924, it was pointed out by Sudgen that the following expression is also valid. MC = M g 1/4 / D – d   Where M is the molar mass (molecular weight). MC was called Parachor, denoted by [P].   M g 1/4 / D – d = [P]   At ordinary temperature d is negligible, therefore [P] = M g 1/4 /D   Apparatus: Stalagmometer, specific gravity bottle, screw type pinch cock, beakers, rubber tube, balance, stand etc.   Procedure:   · ...
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What is Pauly's Test for amino acid?

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  Pauly’s test is a biochemical test for the detection of tyrosine and histidine where the reagent couples with amines, phenols, and imidazole groups. The test was discovered by and is named after the German Chemist Hermann Pauly. Pauly’s test is a specific test for proteins containing tyrosine and histidine as the reagent undergoes diazotization with aromatic groups. The reaction is performed under cold conditions as the diazonium compound can only form at cold temperatures. The test is a specific test for proteins, which is performed for further differentiation between amino acids and proteins. Principle                    ❖   Pauly’s test is based on the principle of coupling between the amino acids and the diazonium ion formed in the reagent. The pauly’s reagent consists of sulphanilic acid dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The sulfanilic acid undergoes diazotization in the presence of sodium nitrate and hydr...
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alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes?

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  Isoenzymes It was a tremendous step forward for research on the biochemistry of differentiation when it was discovered that some of the universally distributed enzymes have different molecular forms with a variety of subunits, characteristic of different tissues. Market and Møller (1959) were the first to make a survey of the patterns of nonspecific esterases in developing tissues of vertebrates and to recognize tissue-specific differences both in the activities of the different enzymes and in their polypeptide subunits. A general survey of isoenzyme changes during development in amphibians was carried out by Chen (1968). He compared proteins extracted from embryonic, larval, and adult stages of three species,  Bombina variegata, Rana temporaria,  and  Triturus alpestris,  and identified subunits of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alcoho...
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  Chemical Kinetics   The study of the rate of chemical reaction, factors affecting rate of chemical reaction and mechanism of chemical reaction is called Chemical Kinetics. Types of Chemical Reactions Based on Reaction Rate There are three types of chemical reactions on the basis of the reaction rate. Instantaneous Reactions These are the reactions which are completed at once e.g. reactions between aqueous solutions of AgNO 3 and NaCl to form a white precipitate of AgCl, decolourization of acidified KMnO 4 with FeSO 4 solution. Moderate Reactions These are the reactions which proceed at a moderate speed. The accurate measurement of the rates of reaction is possible e.g. hydrolysis of ethyl acetate to form ethyl alcohol and acetic acid, decomposition of hydrogen iodide into hydrogen and iodine. Slow Reaction These are the reactions which take long time to complete, e.g. rusting of iron, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.   Rate of Reaction The ...
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